INTRODUCTION
Indonesia
is a country that is experiencing growth. Technological progress and
development in the field of transportation, making it easy for its citizens
where - where. Transportation in Indonesia are generally composed of a variety
there is in the land, air, and sea. Existing transportation on land generally
consisting of cars, motorcycles, etc. Motor is one of the ground transportation
that is often used by the public in general. The use of motorcycles in
Indonesia by the community itself is quite large. motors today is not a luxury
transportation. Many Indonesian people almost entirely using the motor. Land
transportation that is widely enjoyed by the whole community in Indonesia. Not
only men, but now many women who like finding anywhere using the motor. Instead
now awarded special motors hearts society. The use of motorcycles in Indonesia
in general due to the traffic situation became increasingly out of control, the
result of ever-increasing congestion. This makes the bike as a means of
transportation that can help provide the best solution for road users in
Indonesia, which every day always move slightly with congestion.
Today
the use of motorcycles in Indonesia is quite large motorcycle manufacturers are
racing to innovate to create new designs. One motorcycle brand that is familiar
is Honda, Honda is the leading motorcycle brands with designnya nice, elegant
and easy way to purchase sufficient credit system to date advances given varied
ranging from five hundred thousand dollars (500,000 ) and others. Later
installments given enough light making it easier for people to buy. high level
of consumer interest to buy a motorcycle impact on the motorbike sales volume.
facts prove the volume of sales of Honda motorcycles experienced a significant
increase from 2010 sales volume according to AISI (Indonesian Motorcycle
Industry Association) and amounted to 3,416,049 units in 2011, Honda managed to
get the sales volume of 4,276,136 units.
The
volume of sales of Honda motorcycles are always associated with economic
variables. related economic variables such as inflation and economic growth.
Proven in 2011 of the inflation data contained in Bank Indonesia, the year the
inflation rate does not fluctuate too much. According Sadono Sukirno (2008) is
the economic growth is the development of activities in the economy that
provide goods and services. Meanwhile economic growth by Prof. Simon Kuznets
(in Jhingan, 2000: 57) is a long-term increase in the ability of a State to
provide more and more types of goods - economic goods to its population.
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono said that economic growth in 2011 is
estimated at around 6.5 percent. Economic growth in the year was the highest
economic growth after the 1998 crisis. This directly affects the purchasing
power of Indonesian society.
The
influence of the rate of inflation and economic growth in the purchasing power
of the people determines the high or the low volume of sales of branded Honda
motorcycles. And it can be concluded that the authors of these problems make a
scientific study entitled “Analysis Of
Impact Of Inflation And Economic Growth To Volume Sales Brand Motorcycle In
Indonesia Period 2002-2011”.
DISCUSSION
This
research discusses the influence of the inflation rate in the period 2002-2011
the volume of sales of Honda motorcycles, Effect of Indonesia's economic growth
rate in the period of 10 years (2002-2011) to the volume of sales of Honda
motorcycles, as well as see how much impact of both the economic variables
(inflation and growth) of the Honda motorcycle sales volume in the period
2002-2011. It can be concluded that the purpose of this research is that if the
volume of sales of PT Astra Honda Motor has decreased its cause can be seen
from the rate of inflation is going. If within a period of 10 years (2002-2011)
the rate of inflation in Indonesia apparently experienced significant
fluctuations that means the volume of sales for Honda motorcycles will decline.
If the inflation rate has decreased which means that the sales volume will have
a positive impact.
While
when it comes to issues of economic growth in the long run for the growing
number of manufacturers producing Honda motorcycle with a lot of its kind
within a certain time then there will be an increase in the purchasing power of
people in particular to buy a motorcycle as well as the results obtained are
the sales volume will increase. But the decline in population growth rates
based on annual data visible impact on the decline of motorcycle sales volume
is not too large. This is due to the interest of the consumer purchasing power
or owned luxury goods consumption due to the current motorcycle including the
most important needs.
Based
on economic theory in general can be interpreted as a field of study of the
management of material resources of individuals, communities, and countries to
improve human welfare. Because economics is a science of human behavior and
actions to meet their needs are varied and expanding existing resources through
several options of production, consumption and distribution.
According
to the father of economics, Adam Smith sense of the economy itself is an
investigation of the circumstances and because of the state of the country.
While Abraham Maslow defines economics as one of the areas of study that tried
to solve the problem of the principle purposes of human life through the
forging of all economic resources available is based on certain principles and
theory in an economic system that is effective and efficient. Economy in
general is divided into two parts namely macroeconomic and microeconomic. In
the only study of microeconomic behavior of consumers and the enterprise and
determination of market prices and the quantity of factor inputs, goods, and
services are bought and sold. While the macro economy is the study of the
economy as a whole. Macroeconomic explain the economic changes that affect many
households, firms and markets. Macroeconomics can be used to analyze how best
to meet the target of wisdom such as economic growth, price stability, balance
of labor achieving sustainable.
In
general, inflation can be interpreted as an increase in the level of prices of
goods and services in general and continuously for a certain time. Meanwhileis
expressed as the increase in price inflation in general. There are three
components that must be met in order to be able to say of inflation, (Prathama and
Mandala 2001:203), (a) An increase in the price, Price of a commodity is said
to be higher up if the price of the previous period. (b) Impersonal, An
increase in the price of a commodity can not be said if inflation does not lead
to the increase in the general price rise. (c) Repeatedly lasts, General price
increase will also not raise inflation. If it happens just because the
inflation calculation is done in a span of at least monthly.
Inflationary
conditions based on the nature of inflation is divided into three parts,
namely:
1.
Creep (Creeping Inflation)
The
inflation rate is low (less than 10% per year), the price increase is slow with
a small percentage as well as in the long term.
2.
High inflation (Galloping inflation)
Characterized
by substantial price increase and sometimes - sometimes running in a relatively
short time and have the nature of acceleration, which means the prices of weeks
/ months is higher than weeks / months ago and so on.
3.
High inflation (Hyper inflation)
Inflation
is the most severe with marked up prices to 5 or 6 times and the value of money
fell sharply. This situation usually arises when the government is running a
budget defifit.
There
are several factors that contributed to inflation include:
a)
Demand Pull Inflation
Arises
when aggregate demand growing faster than the economy's productive potential,
attractive price upward to balance supply and aggregate demand.
b)
Cost Plus Inflation or Inflation Supply Shock
Inflation
is caused by an increase in costs during periods of high unemployment and the
use of resources that are less effective.
While
factors - factors that cause inflation not only influenced Demand Pull
Inflation Inflation and Cost Plus but also influenced by:
a)
Domestic inflation
Inflation
rate because it is caused by a general increase in the price of goods in the
country.
b)
Imported inflation
Inflation
rate akbat price hike - import prices in general.
Based
originally classified into two namely inflation from the inflation and domestic
inflation from abroad. Inflation comes from the example country occurred due to
the budget deficit financed by printing new money and market failures that
cause food prices to be expensive. Meanwhile inflation from abroad is inflation
that occurs as a result of rising prices of imported goods. This bias occurs
due to high cost of production overseas or any increase in freight tariffs.
Inflation
can also be divided based on the amount of coverage of the effect on prices if
the price increase happens only with one or two specific items, referred to as
inflation is closed (Close Inflation). However, if the price increase occurred
in all goods in general, inflation is called the open inflation (Open
Inflation). Whereas if inflation occurs very severe attack that makes any price
is always changing and increasing, and all people can not hold money longer
continue to decline due to the value of money is called uncontrolled inflation
(hyperinflation).
Inflation
based on the severity of disease classification can be divided into:
a.
Mild inflation (the inflation rate is less than 10% per year)
b.
Moderate inflation (inflation rate of between 10% - 30% per year)
c.
Severe inflation (the inflation rate between 30% - 100% per year)
d.
Hyperinflation (inflation rate of over 100% per year)
Inflation
is measured by calculating the percentage change in the level of change in a
price index. Level of the price index are:
a.
Consumer Price Index (CPI).
b.
Cost of living index
c.
Producer Price Index
d.
Commodity Price Index
e.
Goods Price Index - Capital goods
f.
GDP deflator
Inflation
has a positive impact and negative effects, depending on whether or not severe
inflation. If inflation is mild, it has a positive effect in terms of stimulating
the economy could be better, which is to increase the national income and get
people excited for the work, saving and investment holding. Conversely, in a
period of severe inflation, which in the event of uncontrolled inflation
(hyperinflation), the state of the economy became chaotic and felt sluggish
economy. People are not excited about working, saving, or investments and
production because prices are rising rapidly. The fixed-income recipients such
as civil servants or private sector employees and workers will also overwhelmed
bore and offset the price so that their lives become increasingly slipped and
fell from time to time.
Inflation
also causes people
reluctant to save
because the value of the currency
goes down. Indeed, savings earn interest, but
if the interest rate
above inflation, the
value of money is still declining.
In general, inflation can result in reduced investment
in a country, pushing
up interest rates, encouraging
speculative investment, development implementation failures, the economic instability, balance of payments deficits, and declining living standards and welfare of the community.
Economic growth
is the process of changing economic conditions of a country
on an ongoing basis towards a better state for a certain period. Economic growth can be defined as well as increase
the production capacity of an economy that is realized in the form of increase in national income. Economic growth is an indication
of the success of economic
development. According Sadono Sukirno (2008) is the economic growth is
the development of economic activities in the supply of goods and services is a
way to compare economic growth Gross National Product (GNP) current year with
the previous year GNP.
Further
economic development is defined as a process leading to increased per capita
income of the population in the long term. Here are three important elements
related to economic development.
Factors - factors of economic growth
a) factor resources
Similar to the process of development, economic growth is also influenced by the SDM. Human resources is the most important factor in the development process, how quickly the development process depends on the extent of human resource development as a subject having sufficient competence to carry out the development process.
b) Factors Natural Resources
Most developing countries relying on natural resources in carrying out the development process. However, natural resources alone does not guarantee the success of the process of economic development, if not supported by kemampaun human resources in managing the natural resources available. Natural resources is dinataranya soil fertility, mineral wealth, mining, forest wealth and riches of the sea.
c) Factors of Science and Technology
Developments in science and technology fosters rapid acceleration of the development process, change the pattern of the original work using the human hand is replaced by advanced machinery affect the efficiency aspect, the quality and quantity of a series of economic development activities undertaken and ultimately result in the acceleration of the growth rate economy.
d) Cultural Factors
Cultural factors provide a disparate impact on economic development is done, these factors can serve as generators or propulsion development process but can also be a constraint to development. Culture that may encourage the development of such an attitude of hard work and smart work, honest, tenacious, and so on. The culture that can hinder the development process including anarchist attitude, selfish, wasteful, corruption, and so on.
e) Capital Resources
Human capital resources needed to process natural resources and improve the quality of science and technology. Capital resources in the form of capital goods is essential for the development and smooth running of economic development because capital goods can also increase productivity.
a) factor resources
Similar to the process of development, economic growth is also influenced by the SDM. Human resources is the most important factor in the development process, how quickly the development process depends on the extent of human resource development as a subject having sufficient competence to carry out the development process.
b) Factors Natural Resources
Most developing countries relying on natural resources in carrying out the development process. However, natural resources alone does not guarantee the success of the process of economic development, if not supported by kemampaun human resources in managing the natural resources available. Natural resources is dinataranya soil fertility, mineral wealth, mining, forest wealth and riches of the sea.
c) Factors of Science and Technology
Developments in science and technology fosters rapid acceleration of the development process, change the pattern of the original work using the human hand is replaced by advanced machinery affect the efficiency aspect, the quality and quantity of a series of economic development activities undertaken and ultimately result in the acceleration of the growth rate economy.
d) Cultural Factors
Cultural factors provide a disparate impact on economic development is done, these factors can serve as generators or propulsion development process but can also be a constraint to development. Culture that may encourage the development of such an attitude of hard work and smart work, honest, tenacious, and so on. The culture that can hinder the development process including anarchist attitude, selfish, wasteful, corruption, and so on.
e) Capital Resources
Human capital resources needed to process natural resources and improve the quality of science and technology. Capital resources in the form of capital goods is essential for the development and smooth running of economic development because capital goods can also increase productivity.
Theory
of economic growth is divided into two:
a)
Classical Theory
By
Adam Smith
Adam
Smith's theory assumes that economic growth is actually based on the population
growth. With the population growth there will be increase output or outcome.
Adam Smith's theory contained in his book An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes
of the Wealth of Nations.
According
to David Ricardo
Ricardo
argued that population growth factor growing up to be doubled at a time will
cause
abundant workforce. Surplus labor would result in wages being down. Wages can
only be used to finance the minimum standard of living so that the economy will
experience stagnation (statonary state). David Ricardo's theory outlined in his
book The Principles of Political and Taxation.
b)
Neoclassical Theory
According
to Robert Solow
Robert
Solow argued that economic growth is a series of activities that are rooted in
human capital accumulation, the use of modern technology and the result or
output. The population growth can have a positive impact and can have a
negative impact. Therefore, according to Robert Solow population growth should
be used as a positive resource.
According
to Domar Harrord This theory assumes that the capital should be used
effectively, because economic growth is strongly influenced by the role of
capital formation. It also discusses the theory of national income and
employment. Robert Solow developed a model of economic growth known as the Solow
growth model.
Pengertian penjualan menurut Chairul Marom dalam buku
“Sistem Akuntansi Perusahaan Dagang” menyatakan bahwa “Penjualan artinya
penjualan barang dagangan sebagai usaha pokok perusahaan yang biasanya
dilakukan secara teratur”.
There
are several types of private sales by Basu (2010), namely:
a. Trade
Selling
Can
occur when manufacturers and wholesalers invite retailers to strive to improve
their products distributor. This involves dealers with promotional activities,
demonstrations, inventory and procurement of new products, so the emphasis on
"selling through" channels rather than "selling to" end
buyers.
b. Missionary
Selling
In
the missionary tried selling sales improved by encouraging shoppers to buy
goods from the supplier company. In this case the company has its own channel
in the distribution of its products.
c. Technical
Selling
Trying
to boost sales by giving suggestions and advice to final buyers of goods and
services by showing how products and services are offered to resolve the issue.
d. New
Business Selling
Trying
to open a new transaction by converting potential buyers into buyers. This type
of sale is often used by insurance companies.
e. Responsive
Selling
Two
main types of sales here is "route driving" and
"retailling". Types of sales like this will not create too big sales
despite the good service and pleasant customer relationships can lead to
repeated buyers.
The
factors that influence sales
In
practice sales planning was influenced by several factors. According to Basu
Swastha (1998:129) these factors are:
1. Conditions
and the ability of sellers
Buying
and selling a commercial transfer of property rights on goods and services, in
principle involves two parties, namely the seller as a buyer as a first-party
and second party. Here, the seller must be able to convince the buyers in order
to achieve expected sales targets. To this effect, the seller must understand
some very important issues related to the:
a. Types
and characteristics of the items to be offered
b. Price
products
c. Terms
of the sale such as: payment, delivery, after-sales service and so on
2. Market
Conditions
Market
as a buyer or a group of parties that were targeted in sales can also affect
sales activities. The factors to consider market conditions are Type of market,
whether the consumer market, sellers market, industrial market, government
market / international market.
a. Group
buyers or market segments
b. purchasing
power
c. Frequency
of purchase
d. The
desire and need.
3. Capital
It
would be difficult for the seller to sell the goods if the goods were sold was
not known by the buyer or if the buyer's location away from the seller's
premises in circumstances such as these, the seller must first introduce /
bring the goods to the place the buyer.
4. Conditions
Company Organization
In
large companies, the problem addressed by the sales department sales held by
certain persons / experts in the sale of another case with small companies
selling issues addressed by the people who also perform other functions. This
is due to less labor.
5. other
factors
The
factors that often affect the perikalanan sales, demonstrations, campaigns, and
gift-giving. However, to implement the necessary funding not less. For a
company that has a strong capital these activities can be done on a regular
basis instead of small companies rarely do because it has little capital.
As
for sales that occurred in various fields one of which is the sale of Honda
motorcycles. Honda is a type of motorcycle that was produced by PT Astra Honda
Motor (AHM) is the pioneer of the motorcycle industry in Indonesia. Founded on
June 11, 1971 with the initial name of PT Federal Motor, whose stock is
majority owned by PT Astra International. annual sales of Honda motorcycles has
always been excellent. Interests are many and easy ways to buy enough to make
Honda motorcycles favorite Indonesian citizens today. Recorded in 2011 Honda
managed to excel in sales of some existing motor unit number of 4,276,136 units
or 53.16% of the total available market.
Dwi
Novianti of case studies (2010) on "ECONOMIC
INDICATORS AND EFFECT ON DEPARTURE JAMA'AT HAJI IN WEST JAVA" in this
case the author states the influence or not the economic indicators of the
departure of pilgrims in Java western based on the results of the analysis are
obtained every increase in inflation would reduce the number of pilgrims
departure amounted to 240 254 in western Java and any economic growth will
increase the number of pilgrims departure of 3,604,327. As for the value of the
coefficient of determination of economic growth of 30.5% and the coefficient of
determination remedy inflation of 1.9%. Therefore concluded that the economic
indicators greatly affect the number of pilgrims departure western Java is
economic growth.
1. Linear
Regression Equation
Y
= a +
bX1 + bX2 + e
Y
= Sales of Honda motorcycles in 2002-2011
a
= constant
b1,
b2 = regression coefficient of each independent variable
X1
= Inflation (2002-2011)
X2
= Economic Growth (2002-2011)
e
= Standard error
2. Hypothesis
testing in partial
a.
Inflation and sales of Honda motorcycles
H0:
There is no effect of inflation on sales of Honda motorcycles
H1:
The effect of inflation on sales of Honda motorcycles
b.
Economic growth and sales of Honda motorcycles
H0:
There is no effect of economic growth on sales of Honda motorcycles
H1:
The effect of economic growth on sales of Honda motorcycles
3. Simultaneous
hypothesis testing
a. Inflation and economic growth in the
sales of Honda motorcycles
H0: There is no effect between inflation
and economic growth in the sales of Honda motorcycles
H1: The influence between inflation and
economic growth in the sales of Honda motorcycles
Test
criteria is calculated value is greater than the value of the table means that
H1 is accepted while the calculated value is smaller when H1 is rejected, which
means not occur significantly influence.
CONCLUSION
If
within a period of 10 years of inflation fluctuations do not occur then the
hypothesis that there is no effect of inflation on sales of Honda motorcycles
can be through the picture will be accepted. If it turns out it will affect
inflation fluctuates.
In
the meantime if there is an increase in economic growth in Indonesia Honda
motorcycle sales will increase because the picture could be as assessments for
hypotheses that have been made.
In contrast a significant decrease can make sales of Honda motorcycles
decreased but the percentage decline is not too big compared the effect of
inflation.
If
the positive impact it could suffer losses manufacturer Honda. This is
certainly in line with the increase in inflation could occur especially in
2002-2011, but this problem can be solved if the government curb inflation by
encouraging employers to raise their production, depress wages, price controls
and also set a maximum price. How to further organize receipts and government
spending. Government spending that does not add to the budget deficit is not.
Raising taxes, by raising consumer taxes will reduce the amount of consumption
as part of their income to pay taxes.
Meanwhile
if the positive influence that occurs between the economic growth of the sales
of Honda motorcycles that will lead to increase in sales of Honda motorcycles
and directly benefit the producers make. Can be suggested to the Honda
motorcycle manufacturer in order to track the distribution is well. It can
directly satisfy consumers when deciding to purchase a product that is renowned
Honda motorcycles. As for the parties advised the government to be able to
optimize every region in Indonesia is that communities become increasingly prevalent
with increasing economic growth.
BIBLIOGRAFI
Chairul Marom,
(2002), Sistem Akuntansi Perusahaan Dagang, Edisi ke-dua, Penerbit Grasindo, Jakarta
Dwi
Noviani, 2010, “Indikator dan Pengaruhnya Keberangkatan Jamaah Haji diprovinsi
Jawa Barat”, Gunadarma University Library Paper : Jakarta
http://www.aisi.or.id/.Asosiasi
Industri Sepeda Motor Indonesia (AISI), Data Penjualan Sepeda Motor Honda
2002-2011 (diakses tanggal 24 Juni pukul 19.30 WIB)
http://purwasuka.web.id/15/11/2009/mengenal-teori-penjualan/
(diakses tanggal 24 Juni pukul 19.30 WIB)
http://PT.
Astra Honda Motor, Profil Perusahaan Astra Honda (diakses tanggal 24 Juni pukul
19.30 WIB)
Rahardja,
Prathama, dan Manurung Mandala, 2008. Teori Ekonomi Makro. Jakarta: Penerbit
Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia
Swastha,
Basu. 2010. Manajemen Penjualan. Edisi Ketiga. Yogyakarta : BPFE Yogyakarta
Sukirno,
Sadono. 2008. Makro Ekonomi, Teori Pengantar. Edisi Ketiga. Jakarta: PT. Raja
Grafindo Persada.
Tugas Softskill Bahasa Inggris
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